Durability of humoral immune responses to rubella following MMR vaccination

BackgroundWhile administration of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR-II®) vaccine has been effective at preventing rubella infection in the United States, the durability of humoral immunity to the rubella component of MMR vaccine has not been widely studied among older adolescents and adults.MethodsIn this longitudinal study, we sought to assess the durability of rubella virus (RV)-specific humoral immunity in a healthy population (n = 98) of adolescents and young adults at two timepoints: ~7 and ~17 years after two doses of MMR-II® vaccination. Levels of circulating antibodies specific to RV were measured by ELISA and an immune-colorimetric neutralization assay. RV-specific memory B cell responses were also measured by ELISpot.ResultsRubella-specific IgG antibody titers, neutralizing antibody titers, and memory B cell responses declined with increasing time since vaccination; however, these decreases were relatively moderate. Memory B cell responses exhibited a greater decline in men compared to women.ConclusionsCollectively, rubella-specific humoral immunity declines following vaccination, although subjects’ antibody titers remain well above the currently recognized threshold for protective immunity. Clinical correlates of protection based on neutralizing antibody titer and memory B cell ELISpot response should be defined.     

国内外公共卫生领域标准化工作管理体制比较与思考

目的 为了更好地促进我国的卫生健康标准化工作,为建立完善我国卫生健康领域标准化的发展战略、管理体制提供依据。方法 本文收集了公共卫生领域标准化相关国际组织标准管理机制方面的资料,并将收集到的信息进行汇总分析。结果 公共卫生领域的各种标准在各国际组织的管理体制不同,在组织性质、标准种类、应用、发布、组织结构、标准制定原则、优点、转化、宣贯、评估等方面均有较大不同。结论 针对我国卫生健康标准化具体工作,国际标准化相关机构的工作机制提供了许多可供我国借鉴的经验。     

苏州市社区建成环境与居民体力活动的关联分析

目的 了解苏州市居民体力活动水平,探索社区建成环境与居民体力活动的关联。方法 2017年采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法抽取苏州市25~64岁常住人群进行面对面调查,采用国际体力活动量表长卷（IPAQ-L）评估居民体力活动水平,采用居民环境步行量表简表（NEWS-A）评价社区建成环境主观感知。结果 苏州市居民过去1周总体力活动水平M=3 610.42 MET-min/w,以工作相关体力活动水平为主,交通、家务及休闲相关体力活动水平较低。控制社会人口学因素后,公共服务可及性与社区居民的总体力活动水平呈负相关（OR=0.522,95%CI：0.329~0.830）,场所设施多样性与工作相关体力活动水平呈负相关（OR=0.701,95%CI：0.492~0.999）,步行和自行车道设施与工作相关体力活动水平呈正相关（OR=1.603,95%CI：1.004~2.559）;交通安全与交通相关体力活动水平呈负相关（OR=0.642,95%CI：0.416~0.990）;住宅密度与休闲相关体力活动水平呈正相关（OR=1.001,95%CI：1.000~1.002）;此外,社区美观与舒适的主观感知程度越高,工作、交通、家务及总体力活动水平越高（OR=1.889,95%CI：1.176~3.033;OR=1.671,95%CI：1.120~2.495;OR=1.775,95%CI：1.143~2.756;OR=1.593,95%CI：1.079~2.350）。结论 完善步行道和自行车道设施、提高社区的美观和舒适程度对于增加居民体力活动有重要作用。     

2019年苏州市输入性恶性疟2例

对苏州市2019年报告的2例输入性恶性疟病例的基本信息、流行病学史以及诊治过程资料进行收集、整理和分析。结果显示,苏州市输入性疟疾不仅在劳务输出人群中高发,在探亲访友人群中也存在感染风险,尤其是儿童感染风险应引起重视。     

吴江市莺湖村肠道线虫病纵向监测

目的掌握吴江市肠道线虫病流行动态。方法在吴江市平望镇莺湖村人群中采用改良加藤厚涂片法检查肠道线虫卵,阳性者及重点人群进行驱虫服药和健康教育。结果5年共粪检5 757人次,查出肠道线虫感染者147人次,平均感染率2.55%。钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫感染率分别为1.96%、0.49%、0.24%。重复感染率为20.30%,是新感染率1.96%的10.36倍。结论在人群肠道线虫病有效控制的吴江市,仍有感染率较高的地区和人群,有必要加强监测工作。     

The 2015–2016 influenza epidemic in Beijing,China: Unlike elsewhere,circulation of influenza A(H3N2) with moderate vaccine effectiveness

BackgroundWhile the 2015–2016 influenza season in the northern hemisphere was dominated by A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria viruses, in Beijing, China, there was also significant circulation of influenza A(H3N2) virus. In this report we estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza A(H3N2) and other circulating viruses, and describe further characteristics of the 2015–2016 influenza season in Beijing.MethodsWe estimated VE of the 2015–2016 trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) against laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection using the test-negative study design. The effect of prior vaccination on current VE was also examined.ResultsOf 11,000 eligible patients included in the study, 2969 (27.0%) were influenza positive. Vaccination coverage was 4.2% in both cases and controls. Adjusted VE against all influenza was 8% (95% CI: −16% to 27%): 18% (95% CI: −38% to 52%) for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, 54% (95% CI: 16% to 74%) for influenza A(H3N2), and −8% (95% CI: −40% to 18%) for influenza B/Victoria. The overall VE for receipt of 2015–2016 vaccination only, 2014–2015 vaccination only, and vaccinations in both seasons was −15% (95% CI: −63% to 19%), −25% (95% CI: −78% to 13%), and 18% (95% CI: −11% to 40%), respectively.ConclusionsOverall the 2015–2016 TIV was protective against influenza infection in Beijing, with higher VE against the A(H3N2) viruses compared to A(H1N1)pdm09 and B viruses.     

Visceral adipose tissue quality was associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,independent of its quantity

Background and aimsNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious liver disease. Recent studies have shown that both visceral adipose tissue (VAT) quantity and density (as an indirect measure of quality) are associated with metabolic profiles. Therefore, we investigated the association between VAT quantity and quality, and the prevalence and incidence of NAFLD.Methods and resultsIn this cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study, the prevalence and incidence of NAFLD were analyzed in 627 and 360 middle-aged subjects, respectively. VAT was evaluated using an unenhanced computed tomography scan, while NAFLD was evaluated using ultrasonography. The VAT area was normalized to the square value of the subjects’ height in meters, the visceral fat area (VFA) index. The VAT density was described as the visceral fat density (VFD). The VFA index and VFD had an interaction effect on the prevalence of NAFLD (P = 0.0059). The VFA index (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.07; P = 0.0145, per 1.0 cm²/m²) and the VFD (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84–0.96; P = 0.0026, per 1.0 Hounsfield unit [HU]) were independently associated with the prevalence of NAFLD. In our cohort, 36 subjects developed NAFLD. The VFD (adjusted hazards ratio [HR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.77–0.91; P < 0.0001, per 1.0 HU) was independently associated with the incidence of NAFLD, whereas the VFA index was not.ConclusionBoth the VFA index and VFD were independently associated with NAFLD prevalence. The VFD might be more related to the incidence of NAFLD than the VFA index.     

Severe chronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection associated with multiple necrotic lesions in the liver

We report an atypical presentation of a chronic active Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection with multiple nodular coagulation necrosis in the liver, that appeared as hypodense areas on a CT scan. The patient, a 26-year-old man, was hospitalized following over 2 years of intermittent fever, weight loss and liver abnormalities after contracting infectious mononucleosis. We diagnosed his illness as a chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) because of the high antibody titers against EBV and the histological evidence of organ disease with demonstration of EBV mRNA. A liver biopsy revealed EBV-infected T-cell infiltration with hemophagocytosis and marked hepatocytolytic necrosis. The patient developed multiple coagulation necrosis with well-defined borders surrounding T-cell aggregation in the liver 8 months later. He died of respiratory failure due to interstitial pneumonitis. The analysis of EBV-genome termini demonstrated a clonal proliferation of T-cells harboring EBV, but no T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement was observed. We speculate that the pathogenesis of this disease was an atypical expression of organ damage as a result of an aberrant T-cell response to EBV infection.